Life in the UK: A Journey to Citizenship

Chapter 5. Everyday needs

 

Housing

 

Buying a home

 

Two-thirds of people in the UK own their own home. Most other people rent houses, flats or rooms.

 

Mortgages

 

People who buy their own home usually pay for it with a mortgage, a special loan from a bank or building society. This load is paid back, with interest, over a long period of time, usually 25 years. You can get information about mortgages from a bank or building society. Some banks can also give information about Islamic (Sharia) mortgages.

 

If you are having problems paying your mortgage repayments, you can help and advice. It is important to speak to your bank or building society as soon as you can.

 

Estate agents

 

If you wish to buy a home, usually the first place to start is an estate agent. In Scotland the process is different and you should go first to a solicitor. Estate agents represent the person selling their house or flat. They arrange for buyers to visit homes that are for sale. There are estate agents in all towns and cities and they usually have websites where they advertise the homes for sale. You can also find details about homes for sale on the Internet and in national and local newspapers.

 

Making an offer

 

In the UK, except Scotland, when you find a home you wish to buy you have to make an offer to the seller. You usually do this through an estate agent or solicitor. Many people offer a lower price than the seller is asking. Your first offer must be subject to contract so that you can withdraw if there are reasons why you cannot complete the purchase. In Scotland the seller sets a price and buyers make offers over that amount. The agreement becomes legally binding earlier than it does elsewhere in the UK.

 

Solicitor and surveyor

 

It is important that a solicitor helps you through the process of buying a house or flat. When you make an offer on a property, the solicitor will carry out a number of legal checks on the property, the seller and the local area. The solicitor will provide the legal agreements necessary for you to buy the property. The bank or building society that is providing you with your mortgage will also carry out checks on the house or flat you wish to buy. These are done by a surveyor. The buyer does not usually see the result of this survey, so the buyer often asks a second surveyor to check the house as well. In Scotland the survey is carried out before an offer is made, to help people decide how much they want to bid for the property.

 

Rented accommodation

 

It is possible to rent accommodation from the local authority (the council), from a housing association or from private property owners called landlords.

 

The local authority

 

Most local authorities (or councils) provide housing. This is often called "council housing". In Northern Ireland social housing is provided by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive. Everyone is entitled to apply for council accommodation. To apply you must put your name on the council register or list. This is available from the housing department at the local authority. You are then assessed according to your needs. This is done through a system of points. You get more points if you have priority needs, for example if you are homeless and have children or chronic ill health.

 

It is important to note that in many areas of the UK there is a shortage of council accommodation, and that some people have to wait a very long time for a house or flat.

 

Housing associations

 

Housing associations are independent not-for-profit organisations which provide housing for rent. In some areas they have taken over the administration of local authority housing. They also run schemes called shared ownership, which help people buy part of a house or flat if they cannot afford to buy all of it at once. There are usually waiting lists for homes owned by housing associations.

 

Privately rented accommodation

 

Many people rent houses or flats privately, from landlords. Information about private accommodation can be found in local newspapers, notice boards, estate agents and letting agents.

 

Tenancy agreement

 

When you rent a house or flat privately you sign a tenancy agreement, or lease. This explains the conditions or rules you must follow while renting the property. This agreement must be checked very carefully to avoid problems later. The agreement also contains a list of any furniture or fittings in the property. This is called an inventory. Before you sign the agreement, check the details and keep it safe during your tenancy.

 

Deposit and rent

 

You will probably be asked to give landlord a deposit at the beginning of your tenancy. This is to cover the cost of any damage. It is usually equal to one month´s rent. The landlord must return this money to you at the end of your tenancy, unless you have caused damage to the property.

 

Your rent is fixed with your landlord at the beginning of the tenancy. The landlord cannot raise the rent without your agreement.

 

If you have a low income or are unemployed you may be able to claim Housing Benefit to help you pay your rent.

 

Renewing and ending a tenancy

 

Your tenancy agreement will be for a fixed period of time, often six months. After this time the tenancy can be ended or, if both tenant and landlord agree, renewed. If you end the tenancy before the fixed time, you usually have to pay the rent for the agreed full period of the tenancy.

 

A landlord cannot force a tenant to leave. If a landlord wishes a tenant to leave they must follow the correct procedures. These vary according to the type of tenancy. It is a criminal offence for a landlord to use threats or violence against a tenant or to force them to leave without an order from the court.

 

Discrimination

 

It is unlawful for a landlord to discriminate against someone looking for accommodation because of their sex, race, nationality, ethnic group, or because they are disabled, unless the landlord or a close relative of the landlord is sharing the accommodation.

 

Homelessness

 

If you are homeless you should go for help to the local authority (or, in Northern Ireland, the Housing Executive). They have a legal duty to offer help and advice, but will not offer you a place to live unless you have priority need  and have a connection with the area, such as work or family. You must also show that you have not made yourself intentionally homeless.

 

Help

 

If you are homeless or have problems with your landlord, help can be found from the following:

 

The housing department of the local authority will give advice on homelessness and on Housing Benefit as well as deal with problems you may have in council-owned property.

 

The Citizens Advice Bureau will give advice on all types of housing problems. There may also be a a housing advice centre in your neighbourhood.

 

Shelter is a housing facility which runs a 24-hours helpline.

 

Help with the cost of moving and setting up home may be available from Social Fund. This is run by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). It provides grants and loans such as the Community Care Grant for people setting up home after being homeless or after they have been in prison or other institutions. Other loans are available for people who have had an emergency such as flooding. Information about these is available at the Citizens Advice Bureau or Jobcentre Plus.

 

Services in and for the home

 

Water

 

Water is supplied to all homes in the UK. The charge for this is called the water rates. When you move into a new home (bought or rented), you should receive a letter telling you the name of the company responsible for supplying you water. The water rates may be paid in one payment (a lump sum) or in installments, usually monthly. If you receive Housing Benefit, you should check to see if this covers the water rates. The cost of the water usually depends on the size of your property, but some homes have a water meter which tells you exactly how much water you have used. In Northern Ireland water is currently (2006) included in the domestic rates, although this may change in future.

 

Electricity and gas

 

All properties in the UK have electricity supplied at 240 volts. Most homes also have gas. When you move into a new home or leave an old one, you should make a note of the electricity and gas meter readings. If you have an urgent problem with your gas, electricity or water supply, you can ring a 24-hour helpline. This can be found on your bill, in the Yellow Pages or in the phone book.

 

Gas and electricity suppliers

 

It is possible to choose between different gas and electricity suppliers. These have different prices and different terms and conditions. Get advice before you sign a contract with a new supplier. To find out which company supplies your gas, telephone Transco.

 

To find out which company supplies your electricity, telephone Energywatch. They can also give you advice on changing your supplier of electricity or gas.

 

Telephone

 

Most homes already have a telephone line, called a land line. If you need a new line, telephone BT, or contact a cable company. Many companies offer land line, mobile telephone and broadband Internet services. You can get advice about prices or about changing your company from Ofcom. You can call from public payphones using cash, prepaid phonecards or credit or debit cards. Calls made from hotels and hostels are usually more expensive.

 

Dial 999 or 112 for emergency calls for police, fire or ambulance service. These calls are free. Do not use these numbers if it is not a real emergency; you can always find the local numbers for these services in the phone book.

 

Bills

 

Information on how to pay for water, gas, electricity and the telephone is found on the back of each bill. If you have a bank account you can pay your bills by standing order or direct debit. Most companies operate a budget scheme which allows you to pay a fixed amount every month. If you do not pay a bill, the service can be cut off. To get a service reconnected, you have to pay another charge.

 

Refuse collection

 

Refuse is also called waste, or rubbish. The local authority collects the waste regularly, usually on the same day of each week. Waste must be put outside in a particular place to get collected. In some parts of the country the waste is put into plastic bags, in others it is put into bins with wheels. In many places you must recycle your rubbish, separating paper, glass, metal or plastic from the other rubbish. Large objects which you want to throw away, such as a bed, a wardrobe  or a fridge, need to be collected separately. Contact your local authority to arrange this. If you have a business, such as a factory or a shop, you must make special arrangements with the local authority for your waste to be collected. It is a criminal offense to dump rubbish anywhere.

 

Council Tax

 

Local government services, such as education, police, roads, refuse collection and libraries, are paid for partly by grants from the government and partly by Council Tax. In Northern Ireland there is a system of domestic rates instead of the Council Tax. The amount of Council Tax you pay depends on the size and value of your house or flat (dwelling). You must register to pay Council Tax when you move to a new property, either as the owner or the tenant. You can pay the tax in one payment, in two installments, or in ten installments (from April to January).

 

If only one person lives in the flat or house, you get a 25% reduction on your Council tax. (This does not apply in Northern Ireland). You may also get a reduction if someone in the property has a disability. People on a low income or who receive benefits such as Income Support or Jobseeker´s Allowance can get Council Tax Benefit. You can get advice on this from the local authority or the Citizens Advice Bureau.

 

Buildings and household insurance

 

If you buy a home with a mortgage, you must insure the building against fire, theft and accidental damage. The landlord should arrange insurance for rented buildings. It is also wise to insure your possessions against theft or damage. There are many companies that provide insurance.

 

Neighbours

 

If you live in rented accommodation, you will have a tenancy agreement. This explains all the conditions of your tenancy. It will probably include information on what to do if you have problems with your housing. Occasionally, there may be problems with your neighbours. If you do have problems with your neighbours, they can be solved be speaking to them first. If you cannot solve the problem, speak to your landlord, local authority or housing association. Keep the record of the problems in case you have to show exactly what the problems are and when they started. Neighbours who cause a very serious nuisance may be taken to court and can be evicted from their home.

 

There are several mediation organisations which help neighbours to solve their disputes without having to go to court. Mediators talk to both sides and try to find a solution acceptable to both. You can get details of mediation organisations from the local authority, Citizens Advice, and Mediation UK.

 

Check that you understand:

 

The process for buying and renting accommodation

Where to get advice about accommodation and moving

The role of an estate agent

Housing priorities for local authorities

Where to get help if you are homeless

How you can pay for the water you use at home

Recycling your waste

What Council Tax pays for

What to do if you have problems with your neighbours

 

Money and credit

 

Bank notes in the UK come in denominations (values) of 5, 10, 20 and 50. Northern Ireland and Scotland have their own bank notes which are valid everywhere in the UK, though sometimes people may not realise this and may not wish to accept them.

 

The euro

 

In January 2002 twelve European Union states adopted the euro as their common currency. The UK government decided not to adopt the euro at that time, and has said it will only do so if the British people vote for the euro in a referendum. The euro does circulate to some extent in Northern Ireland, particularly in the towns near the border with Ireland.

 

Foreign currency

 

You can get or change foreign currency at banks,  building societies, large post offices and exchange shops or bureaux de change. You might have to order some currencies in advance. The exchange rates vary and you should check for the best deal.

 

Banks and Building Societies

 

Most adults in the UK have a bank or building society account. Many large national banks or building societies have branches in towns and cities throughout the UK. Is it worth checking the different types of account each one offers. Many employers pay salaries directly into a bank or building society account. There are many banks or building societies to choose from. To open an account, you need to show documents to prove your identity, such as passport, immigration document or driving license. You also need to show something with your address on it like a tenancy agreement or household bill. It is also possible to open bank accounts in some supermarkets or on the Internet.

 

Cash and debit cards

 

Cash cards allow you to use cash machines to withdraw money from your account. For this you need a Personal Identification Number (PIN) which you must keep secret. A debit card allows you to pay for things without using cash. You must have enough money in your account to cover what you buy. If you lose your cash card or debit card you must inform the bank immediately.

 

Credit and store cards

 

Credit cards can be used to buy things in shops, on the telephone and over the Internet. A store card is like a credit card but used only in a specific shop. Credit and store cards do not draw money from your bank account, but you will be sent a bill every month. If you do not pay the total amount on the bill, you are charged interest. Although credit and store cards are useful, the interest is usually very high and many people fall into debt this way. If you lose your credit card or store cards you must inform the company immediately.

 

Credit and loans

 

People in the UK often borrow money from banks and other organisations to pay for things like household goods, cars and holidays. This is more common in the UK than in many other countries. You must be very sure of the terms and conditions when you decide to take out a loan. You can get advice on loans from the Citizens Advice Bureau if you are uncertain.

 

Being refused credit

 

Banks and other organisations use different information about you to make a decision about a loan, such as your occupation, address, salary and previous credit record. If you apply for a loan you might be refused. If this happens, you have the right to ask the reason why.

 

Credit unions

 

Credit unions are financial co-operatives owned and controlled by their members. The members pool their savings and then make loans from this pool. Interest rates in credit unions are usually lower than banks and building societies. There are credit unions in many cities and towns. To find the nearest credit union contact the Association of British Credit Unions.

 

Insurance

 

As well as insuring their property and possessions, many people insure their credit cards and mobile phones. They also buy insurance when they travel abroad in case they lose their luggage or need medical treatment. Insurance is compulsory if you have a car or motorcycle. You can usually arrange insurance directly wit an insurance company, or you can use a broker who will help you get the best deal.

 

Social security

 

The UK has a system of social security which pays welfare benefits to people who do not have enough money to live on. Benefits are usually available for the sick and disabled, older people, the unemployed and those on low incomes. People who do not have legal rights of residence (or settlement) in the UK cannot usually receive benefits. Arrangements for paying and receiving benefits are complex because they have to cover people in many different situations. Guides to benefits are available from Jobcentre Plus offices, local libraries, post offices and the Citizens Advice Bureau.

 

Check that you understand:

 

What you need to open a bank account or building society account

What debit, credit and store cards are

What a credit union is

What insurance is

How to get help with benefits and problems with debt

 

 

 

 

Health

 

Healthcare in the UK is organised under the National health Service (NHS). The NHS began in 1948, and is one of the largest organisations in Europe. It provides all residents with free healthcare and treatment.

 

Finding a doctor

 

Family doctors are called General Practitioners (GPs) and they work in surgeries. GPs often work together in a group place. This is sometimes called a Primary Health Care Centre.

 

Your GP is responsible for organising the health treatment you receive. Treatment can be for physical and mental illness. If you need to see a specialist, you must go to your GP first. Your GP will then refer you to a specialist in a hospital. Your GP can also refer you for specialist treatment if you have special needs.

 

You can get a list of local GPs from libraries, post offices, the tourist information office, the Citizens Advice Bureau, the local health authority and on the Internet.

 

You can attend a hospital without a GP´s letter only in the case of an emergency. If you have an emergency you should go to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department of the nearest hospital.

 

Registering with a GP

 

You should look for a GP as soon as you move to a new area. You should not wait until you are ill. The health centre, or surgery, will tell you what you need to do to register. Usually you must have a medical card. If you do not have one, the GP´s receptionist should give you a form to send to the local health authority. They will then send you a medical card.

 

Before you register you should check the surgery can offer what you need. For example, you might need a woman GP, or maternity services. Sometimes GPs have many patients and are unable to accept new ones. If you cannot find a GP, you can ask your local authority to help you find one.

 

Using your doctor

 

All patients registering with a GP are entitled to a free health check. Appointments to see the GP can be made by phone or in person. Sometimes you might have to wait several days before you can see a doctor. If you need immediate medical attention ask for an urgent appointment. You should go to the GP´s surgery a few minutes before the appointment. If you cannot attend or do not need the appointment any more, you must let the surgery know. The GP needs patients to answer all questions as fully as possible in order to find out what is wrong. Everything you tell the GP is completely confidential and cannot be passed on to anyone else without your permission. If you do not understand something, ask for clarification. If you have difficulties with English, bring someone who can help you, or ask the receptionist for an interpreter. This must be done when you make the appointment. If you have asked for an interpreter, it is important that you keep your appointment because this service is expensive.

 

In exceptional circumstances, GPs can visit patients at home but they always give priority to people who are unable to travel. If you call the GP outside normal working hours, you will have to answer several questions about your situation. This is to assess how serious your case is. You will then be told if a doctor can come to your home. You might be advised to go to the nearest A&E department.

 

Charges

 

Treatment from the GP is free but you have to pay a charge for your medicines and for certain services, such as vaccinations for travel abroad. If the GP decides you need to take medicine you will be given a prescription. You must take this to a pharmacy (chemist).

 

Prescriptions

 

Prescriptions are free for anyone who is

 

Under 16 years of age (25 in Wales)

Under 19 and in full-time education

Aged 60 or over

Pregnant or with baby under 12 months old

Suffering from a specified medical condition

Receiving Income Support, Jobseekers Allowance, Working Families or Disabilities Tax Credit

 

Feeling unwell

 

If you or your child feels unwell you have the following options:

 

For information or advice

 

Ask your local pharmacist (chemist). The pharmacy can give advice on medicines and some illnesses and conditions that are not serious.

Speak to a nurse by phoning NHS Direct.

Use the NHS Direct website.

 

To see a doctor or nurse

 

Make an appointment to see your GP or a nurse working in the surgery

Visit an NHS walk-in centre

 

For urgent medical treatment

Contact your GP

Go to your nearest hospital with an Accident and Emergency department

Call 999 for an ambulance. Calls are free. Only use this service for a real emergency.

 

NHS walk-in centres provide treatment for minor injuries and illnesses seven days a week. You do not need an appointment. For details of your nearest centre call NHS Direct or visit the NHS website.

 

Going into hospital

 

If you need minor tests at a hospital, you will probably attend the Outpatients department. If your treatment takes several hours, you will go into hospital as a day patient. If you need to stay overnight, you will go into hospital as an in-patient.

 

You should take personal belongings with you, such as a towel, night clothes, things for washing, and a dressing gown. You will receive all your meals while you are an in-patient. If you need advice about going into hospital, contact Customer Services or the Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) at the hospital where you will receive treatment.

 

Dentists

 

You can get the name of a dentist by asking at the local library, at the Citizens Advice Bureau and through NHS Direct. Most people have to pay for dental treatment. Some dentists work for the NHS and some are private. NHS dentists charge less than private dentists, but some dentists have two sets of charges, both NHS and private. A dentist should explain your treatment and the charges before the treatment begins.

 

Free dental treatment is available to

 

People under 18 (in Wales people under 25 and over 60)

Pregnant women and women with babies under 12 months old

People on income support, Jobseekers´ Allowance or Pension Credit Guarantee

 

 

Opticians

 

Most people have to pay for sight tests and glasses, except children, people over 60, people with certain eye conditions and people receiving certain benefits. In Scotland, eye tests are free.

 

Pregnancy and care of young children

 

If you are pregnant you will receive regular ante-natal care. This is available from your local hospital, local health centre or from special antenatal clinics. You will receive support from a GP and from a midwife. Midwives work in hospitals or health centres. Some GPs do not provide maternity services so you may wish to look for another GP during your pregnancy. In the UK women usually have their babies in hospital, especially if it is their first baby. It is common for the father to attend the birth, but only if the mother wants him to be there.

 

A short time after you have your child, you will begin regular contact with a health visitor. She or he is a qualified nurse and can advise you about caring for your baby. The first visits will be in your home, but after that you might meet the health visitor at a clinic. You can ask advice from your health visitor until your child is five years old. In most towns and cities there are mother and toddler groups or playgroups for small children. These often take place at local churches and community centres. You might be able to send your child to a nursery school.

 

Information on pregnancy

 

You can get information on maternity and ante-natal services in your area from your local health authority, a health visitor or your GP. The number of your health authority will be in the phone book.

 

The Family Planning Association (FPA) gives advice on contraception and sexual health.

 

The National Childbirth Trust gives information and support in pregnancy, childbirth and early parenthood.

 

Registering a birth

 

You must register your baby with the Registrar of Births, Marriages and Deaths (Register Office) within 6 weeks of birth. The address of your local Register office is in the phone book. If the parents are married, either the mother or father can register the birth. If they are not married, only the mother can register the birth. If the parents are not married but want both names on the child´s birth certificate, both mother and father must be present when they register their baby.

 

Check that you understand:

 

How to find and register with a GP

What to do if you feel unwell

How to find other services such as dentists and opticians

When it is possible to attend A&E without a doctor´s letter

Who can get free prescriptions

When you should phone 999 or 112

What NHS Direct can do

Who can give health advice and treatment when you are pregnant and after you have a baby

How to register a birth

 

 

Education

 

Education in the UK is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 to 16 (4 to 16 in Northern Ireland). The education system varies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

 

The child´s parent or guardian is responsible for making sure their child goes to school, arrives on time and attends for the whole school year. If they do not do this, the parent or guardian may be prosecuted.

 

Some areas of the country offer free nursery education for children over the age of 3. In most parts of the UK, compulsory education is divided in two stages, primary and secondary. In some places there is a middle-school system. In England and Wales the primary stage lasts from 5 to 11, in Scotland from 5 to 12 and in Northern Ireland from 4 to 11. The secondary stage lasts until the age of 16. At that age young people can choose to leave school or to continue with their education until they are 17 or 18.

 

Details of local schools are available from your local education authority office or website. The addresses and phone numbers of local education authorities are in the phone book.

 

Primary schools

 

These are usually schools where both boys and girls learn together and are usually close to a child´s home. Children tend to be with the same group and teacher all day. Schools encourage parents to help their children with learning, particularly with reading and writing.

 

Secondary schools

 

At age 11 (12 in Scotland) children go to secondary school. This might normally be the school nearest their home, but parents in England and Wales are allowed to express a preference for a different school. In some areas, getting a secondary school place in a preferred school can be difficult, and parents often apply to several schools in order to make sure their child gets offered a place. In Northern Ireland many schools select children through a test taken at the age of 11.

 

If the preferred school has enough places, the child will be offered a place. If there are not enough places, children will be offered places according to the school´s admission arrangements. Admission arrangement vary from area to area.

 

Secondary schools are larger than primary schools. Most are mixed sex, although there are single sex schools in some areas. Your local education authority will give you information on schools in your area. It will also tell you which schools have spaces and give you information about why some children will be given places when only a few are available and why other children will not. It will also tell you how to apply for a secondary school place.

 

Costs

 

Education at state schools in the UK is free, but parents have to pay for school uniforms and sports wear. There are sometimes extra charges for music lessons and for school outings. Parents on low income can get help with costs, and with the cost of school meals. You can get advice on this from the local authority or the Citizens Advice Bureau.

 

Church and other faith schools

 

Some primary and secondary schools in the UK are linked to the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church. These are called "faith schools". In some areas there are Muslim, Jewish and Sikh schools. In Northern Ireland, some schools are called Integrated Schools. These schools aim to bring children of different religions together. Information on faith schools is available from your local education authority.

 

Independent Schools

 

Independent schools are private schools. They are not run or paid for by the state. Independent secondary schools are also sometimes called public schools. There are about 2,500 independent schools in the UK. About 8% of children go to these schools. At independent schools parents must pay the full cost of their child´s education. Some independent schools offer scholarships which pay some or all of the costs of the child´s education.

 

The school curriculum

 

All state, primary and secondary schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland follow the National Curriculum. This covers English, maths, science, design and technology, information and communication technology (ICT), history, geography, modern foreign languages, art and design, music, physical education (PE) and citizenship. In Wales, children learn Welsh.

 

In some primary schools in Wales, all the lessons are taught in Welsh. In Scotland, pupils follow a broad curriculum informed by national guidance. Schools must, by law, provide religious education (RE) to all pupils. Parents are allowed to withdraw their children from these lessons. RE lessons have a Christian basis but children also learn about the other major religions.

 

Assessment

 

In England, the curriculum is divided into 4 stages, called Key Stages. After each stage children are tested. They take Key Stage tests (also called SATs) at ages 7, 11 and 14. At 16 they usually take the General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs) in several subjects, although some schools also offer other qualifications. At 18, young people who have stayed at school do AGCEs (Advanced GCE levels) often just called A levels.

 

In Wales, schools follow the Welsh National Curriculum but have abolished national tests for children at age of 7 and 11. There are also plans in Wales to stop testing children at 14, Teachers in Wales still have to assess and report on their pupils´ progress and achievements at 7 and 11.

 

In Scotland, the curriculum is divided into 2 phases. The first phase is from 5 to 14. There are six levels in that phase, levels A to F. There are no tests for whole groups during this time. Teachers test individual children when they are ready. From 14 to 16, young people do Standard Grade. After 16 they can study at Intermediate, Higher or Advanced level. In Scotland there will soon be a single curriculum for all pupils from age 3 to 18. This is called A Curriculum for Excellence.

 

Help with English

 

If your child´s main language is not English, the school may arrange for extra language support from an EAL (English Additional Language) specialist teacher.

 

Careers education

 

All children get careers advice from the age of 14. Advice is also available from Connexions, a national service for young people. In Wales, Careers Wales offers advice to children from the age of 11. In Scotland, Careers Scotland provides information, services and support to all ages and stages.

 

Parents and schools

 

Many parents are involved with their child´s school. A number of places on a school´s governing body are reserved for parents. The governing body decides how the school is run and administered and produces reports on the progress of the school from year to year. In Scotland, parents can be members of school boards or parent councils.

 

Schools must be open 190 days a year. Terms dates are decided by the governing body or by the local education authority. Children must attend the whole school year. Schools expect parents and guardians to inform them if their child is going to be absent from school. All schools ask parents to sign a home-school agreement. This is a list of things that both the school and the parent or guardian agree to do to ensure a good education for the child. All parents receive a report every year on their child´s progress. They also have a chance to go to the school to talk to their child´s teachers.

 

Further education and adult education

 

At 16, young people can leave school or stay on to do A Levels (Higher grades in Scotland) in preparation for university. Some young people go to their local further education (FE) college to improve their exam grades or to get new qualifications for a career. Most courses are free to up to the age of 19. Young people from families on low incomes can get financial help with their studies when they leave school at 16. This is called the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA). Information about this is available at your local college.

 

Further education colleges also offer courses to adults over the age of 18. These include courses for people wishing to improve their skills in English. These courses are called ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages). There are also courses for English speakers who need to improve their literacy and numeracy and for people who need to learn new skills for employment. ESOL courses are also available in community centres and training centres. There is sometimes a waiting list for ESOL courses because demand is high. In England and Wales, ESOL, literacy and numeracy courses are also called Skills for Life courses. You can get information at your local college or local library or from learndirect.

 

Many people join other adult education classes to learn a new skill or hobby and to meet new people. Classes are very varied and range from sports to learning a musical instrument or a new language. Details are usually available from your local library, college or adult education centre.

 

University

 

More young people go to university now than in the past. Many go after A levels (or Higher grades in Scotland) at age of 18 but it is also possible to go to university later in life. At present, most students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland have to pay towards the cost of their tuition fees and to pay for their living expenses. In Scotland there are no tuition fees but after students finish university they pay back some of the cost of their education in a payment called an endowment. At present, universities can charge up to GBP 3,000 per year for their tuition fees, but students do not have to pay anything towards their fees before or during their studies. The government pays their tuition fees and then charges for them when a student starts working after university. Some families on low incomes receive help with their children´s tuition fees. This is called a grant. The universities also give help, in the form of bursaries. Most students get a low-interest student loan from a bank. This pays for their living costs while they are at university. When a student finishes university and starts working, he or she must pay back the loan.

 

Check that you understand

 

The different stages of a child´s education

That there are differences in the education systems in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

That there are different kinds of school, and that some of them charge fees.

What the National Curriculum is

What the governing body of a school does

Options for young people at the age of 16

Courses available at FE colleges

Where you can get English classes or other education for adults, including university

 

Leisure

 

Information

 

Information about theatre, cinema, music and exhibitions is found in local newspapers, local libraries and tourist information centres. Many museums and art galleries are free.

 

Film, video and DVD

 

Films in the UK have a system to show if they are suitable for children. This is called the classification system. If a child is below the age of the classification, they should not watch the film at a cinema or on DVD. All films receive a classification, as follows:

 

U (Universal) : suitable for anyone aged 4 years and over

PG (parental guidance): suitable for everyone but some parts of the film might be unsuitable for children. Their parents should decide.

12 or 12A: children under 12 are not allowed to see or rent the film unless they are with an adult.

15: children under 15 are not allowed to see or rent the film.

18: no one under 18 is allowed to see or rent the film.

R18: no one under 18 is allowed to see the film, which is only available in specially licensed cinemas.

 

Television and radio

 

Anyone in the UK with a television (TV), DVD or video recorder, computer or any device which is used for watching or recording TV programmes must be covered by a valid television licence. One license covers all of the equipment at one address, but people who rent different rooms in a shared house must each buy a separate licence.

 

A colour TV licence currently costs GBP 131.50 (2006) and lasts for 12 months. People aged 75, or over, can apply for a free TV licence. There are many ways to buy a TV licence including from local PayPoint outlets or on-line. It is also possible to pay for the licence in installments.

 

Sports, clubs and societies

 

Information about local clubs and societies can usually be found at local libraries or through your local authority. For information about sports you should ask in the local leisure centre. Libraries and leisure centres often organise activities for children during the school holidays.

 

Places of interest

 

The UK has a large network of public footpaths in the countryside. Many parts of the countryside and places of interest are kept open by the National Trust. This is a charity that works to preserve important buildings and countryside in the UK.

 

Pubs and night clubs

 

Public houses, or pubs, are an important part of social life in the UK. To drink alcohol in a pub you must be 18 or over. People under 18 are not allowed to buy alcohol in a supermarket or in an off-licence either. The landlord of the pub may allow people of 14 to come into the pub but they are not allowed to drink. At 16, people can drink wine or beer with a meal in a hotel or restaurant.

 

Pubs are usually open during the day and until 11 PM. If a pub wants to stay open later, it must apply for a special licence. Night clubs open and close later than pubs.

 

Betting and gambling

 

People under 18 are not allowed into betting shops or gambling clubs. There is a National Lottery for which draws, with large prizes, are made every week. You can enter by buying a ticket or a scratch card. People under 16 are not allowed to buy a lottery ticket or scratch card.

 

Pets

 

Many people in the UK have pets such as cats and dogs. It is against the law to treat a pet cruelly or to neglect it. All dogs in public places must wear a collar showing the name and address of the owner .The owner is responsible for keeping the dog under control and for cleaning up after the animal in a public place. Vaccinations and medical treatment for animals are available from veterinary surgeons (vets). If you cannot afford to pay a vet, you can go to a charity called the PDSA (People´s Dispensary for Sick Animals). To find your nearest branch, visit http://www.pdsa.org.uk.

 

Travel and transport

 

Trains, buses and coaches

 

For information about trains telephone the National Rail Enquiry Service. For trains in Northern Ireland, phone Translink.  For information on coaches, phone National Express. For coaches in Scotland, phone Scottish Citylink.

 

Usually, tickets for trains and underground systems such as the London Underground must be bought before you get on the train. The fare varies according to the day and time you wish to travel. Travelling in the rush hour is always more expensive. Discount tickets are available for families, people aged 60 and over, disabled people, students and people under 26. Ask at your local train station for details. Failure to buy a ticket may result in a penalty.

 

Taxis

 

To operate legally, all taxis and minicabs must be licensed and display a licence plate. Taxis and cabs with no licence are not insured for fare-paying passengers and are not always safe. Women should not use unlicensed minicabs.

 

Driving

 

You must be at least 17 to drive a car or motorcycle, 18 to drive a medium-sized lorry, and 21 to drive a large lorry or bus. To drive a lorry, minibus or bus with more than eight passenger seats, you must have a special licence.

 

The driving licence

 

You must have a driving licence to drive on public roads. To get a driving licence you must pass a test. There are many driving schools where you can learn with the help of a qualified instructor.

 

You get a full driving licence in three stages:

 

1. Apply for a provisional licence. You need this licence while you are learning to drive. With this you are allowed to drive a motorcycle up to 125cc or a car. You must put L plates on the vehicle, or D plates in Wales. Learner drivers cannot drive on a motorway. If you drive a car, you must be with someone who is over 21 and who has had a full licence for over three years. You can get an application form for a provisional licence from a post office.

 

2. Pass a written theory test.

3. Pass a practical driving test.

 

Drivers may use their licence until they are 70. After that the licence is valid three years at a time.

 

In Northern Ireland, a newly-qualified driver must display an R-plate (for registered driver) for one year after passing the test.

 

Overseas licences

 

If your driving licence is from a country in the European Union (EU), Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway, you can drive in the UK for as long as your licence is valid.

If you have a licence from a country outside the EU, you may use it in the UK for up to 12 months. During this time you must get a UK provisional driving licence and pass both the UK theory and practical driving tests, or you will not be able to drive after 12 months.

 

Insurance

 

It is a criminal offence to have a car without proper motor insurance. Drivers without insurance can receive very high fines. It is also illegal to allow someone to use your car if they are not insured to drive it.

 

Road tax and MOT

 

You must also pay a tax to drive your car on the roads. This is called road tax. Your vehicle must have a road tax disc which shows you have paid. You can buy this at the post office. If you do not pay the road tax, your vehicle may be clamped or towed away.

 

If your vehicle is over three years old, you must take it every year for a Ministry of Transport (MOT) test. You can do this at an approved garage. The garage will give you an MOT certificate when your car passes the test. It is an offence not to have a MOT certificate. If you do not have an MOT certificate, your insurance will not be valid.

 

Safety

 

Everyone in a vehicle should wear a seat belt. Children under 12 years of age may need a special booster seat. Motorcycles and their passengers must wear a crash helmet (this law does not apply to Sikh men if they are wearing a turban). It is illegal to drive while holding a mobile phone.

 

Speed limits

 

For cars and motorcycles the speed limits are:

 

30 miles per hour (mph) in built-up areas, unless a sign shows a different limit

60 mph on single carriageways

70 mph on motorways and dual carriageways

 

Speed limits are lower for buses, lorries and cars pulling caravans.

 

It is illegal to drive when you are over the alcohol limit or drunk. The police can stop you and give you a test to see how much alcohol you have in your body. This is called a breathanalyzer test. If a driver has more than the permitted amount of alcohol (called being over the limit) or refuses to take the test, he or she will be arrested. People who drink and drive can expect to be disqualified from driving for a long period.

 

Accidents

 

If you are involved in a road accident:

 

Don´t drive away without stopping: this is a criminal offence

Call the police and ambulance on 999 or 112 if someone is injured

Get the names, addresses, vehicle registration numbers and insurance details of the other drivers

Give your details to the other drivers or passengers and to the police

Make a note of everything that happened and contact your insurance company as soon as possible

 

Note that if you admit the accident was your fault, the insurance company may refuse to pay. It is better to wait until the insurance company decides for itself whose fault the accident was.

 

Identity documents

 

At present, UK citizens do not have to carry identity (ID) cards. The government is, however, making plans to introduce them in the next few years.

 

Proving your identity

 

You may have to prove your identity at different times, such as then you open a bank account, rent accommodation, enrol for a college course, hire a car, apply for benefits such as housing benefit, or apply for a marriage certificate. Different organisations may ask for different documents as proof of identity. These can include:

 

Official documents from the Home Office showing your immigration status

A certificate of identity

A passport or travel document

A National Insurance (NI) number card

A provisional or full driving licence

A recent gas, electricity or phone bill showing your name and address

A rent or benefits book

 

Check that you understand:

 

How films are classified

Why you need a television licence

The rules about the selling and drinking of alcohol

How to get a driving licence

What you need to do to be allowed to drive a vehicle in the UK

What you should do if you have an accident

When you might have to prove your identity, and how you can do it